Ednah Dow Cheney, Transcendentalist and Social Reformer

Known for:  involved in abolition movement, freedman’s education movement, women’s movement, free religion; part of the second generation of Transcendentalists around Boston, she knew many of the well-known figures in those movements Occupation: writer, reformer, organizer, speakerDates:  June 27, 1824 – November 19, 1904Also known as: Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney Ednah Dow Cheney Biography: Ednah Dow Littlehale was born in Boston in 1824. Her father, Sargent Littlehale, a businessman and Universalist, supported his daughter’s education at various girls’ schools. While liberal in politics and religion, Sargent Littlehale found the Unitarian minister Theodore Parker too radical religiously and politically.   Ednah took a job caring for and tutoring her youngest sister, Anna Walter,  and when she died, friends recommended that she consult the Rev. Parker in her grief. She began attending his church.   This brought her into association in the 1840s with many of the Transcendentalists, including Margaret Fuller and Elizabeth Palmer Peabody as well as Ralph Waldo Emerson and, of course, Theodore Parker and Bronson Alcott. She taught briefly at Alcott’s Temple School. She attended some of Margaret Fuller’s Conversations, meetings that discussed a variety of themes including Emerson’s thought. Through the Conversations, she got to know L ouisa May Alcott. Abby May,  Julia Ward Howe, and Lucy Stone were more  of her friends starting from this period of her life. She later wrote that I always consider that, from the age of twelve, Margaret Fuller and Theodore Parker were my education. Marriage Supporting coeducational training in art, she helped found the Boston School of Design in 1851. She married Seth Wells Cheney in 1853, and the two went to Europe after a tour of New England and the death of Seth Cheney’s mother. Their daughter, Margaret, was born in 1855, shortly after the family returned to the United States, staying in New Hampshire for the summer. By this time, her husband’s health was failing.   Seth Cheney died the next year; Ednah Cheney never remarried, returning to Boston and raising her daughter alone.   Seth Cheneys crayon portrait of Theodore Parker and his wife was given to the Public Library of Boston. Womens Rights She was left with some means, and turned to philanthropy and reform. She helped to establish the New England Hospital for Women and Children, for medical training of women physicians. She also worked with women’s clubs to foster education for women.   She frequently attended woman’s rights conventions,   lobbied for womens rights at the Legislature, and served for a time as vice-president of the New England Womens Suffrage Society. She wrote in her later years that she had believed in the vote for women since she was a school girl. Abolitionist and Freedmans Aid Supporter Cheney’s reform involvements included support for the abolitionist movement.   She knew both Harriet Jacobs, an ex-slave who wrote of her own life and escape from slavery, and Harriet Tubman, the Underground Railroad conductor. Before and after the end of the Civil War, she became a strong advocate for education for the newly freed slaves, working first through the New England Freedman’s Aid Society, a voluntary association that tried to buy the freedom of slaves and also provide opportunities for education and training. After the Civil War she worked with the federal government’s Freedman’s Bureau. She became secretary of the Teachers’ Commission and visited many of the Freedman’s schools in the South.   In 1866 she published a book, The Handbook of American Citizens, to be used in the schools, which included an overview of American history from the perspective of progressive â€Å"emancipation.† The book also included the text of the US Constitution.   Cheney corresponded frequently with Harriet Jacobs after Jacobs returned to North Carolina in 1867. After 1876, Cheney published Records of the New England Freedman’s Aid Society, 1862-1876, mindful of hi story’s need for such documents. She was invited to lecture on the work with freedmen at the Divinity Chapel in Cambridge.   This created a debate at the school, as there had been no women speakers at that venue before, and she became the first. Free Religious Association Cheney, as part of the second generation of Transcendentalists, was active in the Free Religious Association, founded in 1867, with Ralph Waldo Emerson signing on as the first official member.   The FRA advocated freedom of individual thought in religion, an openness to the findings of science, a faith in the human progress, and a dedication to social reform: bringing the kingdom of God through working for the good of society. Cheney, through the years, was often a key organizer behind the scenes, making FRA meetings happen, and keeping the organization functioning. She also occasionally spoke at FRA meetings. She spoke regularly in liberal churches and in Southern congregations, and perhaps if clergy training had been more open to women when she was younger, she would have gone into the ministry. Beginning in 1878, Cheney was a regular teacher at the summer sessions of the Concord School of Philosophy.   She published essays based on some of the themes first explored there.   She was also the first woman to lecture at Harvard’s School of Divinity, not without controversy. Writer In 1871 Cheney published a juvenile novel, Faithful to the Light, which gained some popularity; it was followed by other novels.   In 1881 she wrote a memoir of her husband. Margaret Swan Cheney, Ednah’s daughter, enrolled at Boston’s Institute of Technology (now MIT), among the first women to enter that school, and her entry is credited with that opening of the school to women. Sadly, some years  thereafter, while still a student, she died of tuberculosis in 1882. Before her death, she published in a scientific journal  a paper describing experiments with nickel, including a method of determining the presence of nickel in ore. Ednah Cheneys 1888/1889 biography of Louisa May Alcott, who had died the previous year as had her father, Bronson Alcott, helped bring to life the early Transcendentalist years for another generation. It was the first biography of Louisa May Alcott, and remains an important source for those studying Alcott’s life. She included many passages from Alcott’s own letters and journals, letting her subject speak in her own words of her life.   Cheney, in writing the book, used a diary of Alcott’s during the time her family participated in the Transcendentalist utopian experiment at Fruitlands; that diary has since been lost. That same year she wrote a pamphlet for the American Woman Suffrage Association, â€Å"Municipal Suffrage for Women,† advocating a strategy of gaining the vote for women on issues close to their lives, including school elections.   She also published Memoir of Margaret Swan Cheney, her daughter.   In 1890, she published Nora’s Return: A Sequel to The Doll’s House, her attempt to deal with the feminist themes Henrik Ibsen’s play, The Doll’s House, opened. A number of articles in the 1880s described Emerson, Parker, Lucretia Mott and Bronson Alcott.   Cheney’s writing was not, in its time or since, considered particularly creative, fitting in more with Victorian sentimentalism, but they do give insight into the memorable people and events through which she moved.   She was much respected by her friends in the free religious and social reform movements with which she associated. Looking Back By the turn of the century, Cheney’s health was not good, and she was much less active. In 1902, she published her own memoirs, Reminiscences of Ednah Dow Cheney (born Littehale), reflecting on her life, rooting it in the 19th century. She died in Boston in November of 1904. The New England Women’s Club held a meeting on February 20, 1905, to remember Ednah Dow Cheney, who had been a member.   The club published the speeches from that meeting. Background, Family: Mother: Ednah Parker DowFather: Sargent Smith Littlehale, a grocerTwo older siblings, several younger; in total, four siblings  died in childhood Education: Private schools Marriage, Children: husband: Seth Wells Cheney (artist;  married 1853; artist; died 1856)one child:Margaret Swan Cheney, born September 8, 1855, died September 22, 1882.eight siblings, two sisters and one brother; at least five died in childhood Note: after further research, I corrected a line that was formerly in this biography that had Ednah Dow Cheney as a tutor to Theodore Parkers daughter.   Parker had no children.   The source I used may have misinterpreted a story from  Reminiscences of Ednah Dow Cheney.

Why Women Join Infantry Branches Of The Military - 2498 Words

Why Women Joining Infantry Branches of the Military is more Problematic than Beneficial. The Department of Defense lifted all existing restrictions that were gender oriented that blocked women from joining services such as the infantry. According to Tilghman (2), this historic change clears the way for women to serve alongside their male counterparts in combat arms units. The decision was lauded as one that sought to enable the military to harness the perspectives and skills that talented women have to officer better. The move has widely been seen as being one seeking political correctness and application of activism in a sensitive area of military operations. The infantry of the United States Army is its oldest and most important combat arm. The primary goal of the infantry is to close with the enemy, to destroy or capture them. Infantry units do not fight alone but are also supported by other arms and services of the army such as the Marine Corps, the air force, and the navy. The ideal profile of an infantryman is someone who is a good combat soldier, one who fights on foot using ammunition and other weapons that he or she carriers, use armored vehicles when a situation demands among other weapons. According to Szayna (21) joining the infantry traditionally was reserved for men. All branches of the army have different standards for males and females. The reason is that women would not qualify to join the military if there were not separate standards for them. The argumentShow MoreRelatedEquality For Women During The Military2496 Words   |  10 PagesEquality for Women in the Military Over the past few years, there has been huge discussions when the topic of equality for women who have joined the military is being brought up. Being that gender equality is a big thing in the military now, I decided to chose this topic and discuss how I feel about it. According to the United States constitution, all men are created equal and this does not exclude women. One of the main things I learned is that equality for women in the military is a major issueRead Morewarriors ethos Essay742 Words   |  3 Pagessimilar. For example, young men and women who join the US Military have to undergo their own â€Å"agoge† in the form of boot camp/basic training, the most rigorous of these being United States Marine Corps Boot Camp. It’s no coincidence that out of all of the branches of the US military, the Marine Corps’ values are most like the moral values of many ancient cultures, most notably the Spartans. Other things the Spartans valued, such as respect for elders and senior military individuals has also transferredRead MoreThe War Of Equality : A War For Equality Essay1866 Words   |  8 PagesA War for Equality Women have served our nation for centuries, even before the United States was born. They are essential to the nation’s survival and have contributed with their talents, skills and courage. As of today, women account for 15.3% of all branches combined. As a consequence, allowing women to join the military has allowed all branches to meet the required personnel thus making an all-volunteer military rather than relying on the draft. In the last two decades, we have seen two majorRead MoreGender Seperation2039 Words   |  9 Pagesof athletically active girls and women, with the voice-over saying things like, â€Å"If you let me play, I’ll be less likely to drop out of school.† (Dworkin and Messner 556) In the above example, Nike is showing support to women athletes by advertising women athletic footwear. Because of this participation, Nike has influenced other corporations to do the same by making great gains for their support. For years gender separation has existed and mainly alienating women from some topics. Shari L. DworkinRead More Women in the Military Essay4227 Words   |  17 Pages In Women in the Military, Janette Mance explores the debates and problems faced by the increasing number of women involved in the military. After examining issues such as pregnancy, sexual harassment, and rape, Mance concludes that as a society we must continue to strive for gender equality. From the storm lashed decks of the Mayflower to the present hour, women have stood like a rock for the welfare and glory of the history of our country . . . and one might well add: unwritten, unrewardedRead MoreSelective Service And The Enrollment Prerequisite For America s Young Men Essay3026 Words   |  13 PagesStates military. Women were excluded from being participants in the military draft or selective service based on gender something that does sound well at this age and time. Being that social, political and economic aspects, women ought to be involved in serving their nation. This paper explains more about the draft, reasons and why women should be included in the selective service. Thesis statement While ladies officers and enrolled workforce present with unique excellence in the U.S. Military, ladiesRead MoreWomen s Army Auxiliary Corps2215 Words   |  9 PagesWomen have been enlisted in the armed forces since June 12, 1948, when President Truman signed the Woman’s Armed Services Integration Act. Throughout this time, women have served several different roles; however, women were not allowed to serve in combat forces. Arguments offer the idea that women are physically and emotionally capable of performing the same as men, Researchers have proven that only a small percentage of women are capable of performing the physically demanding aspects as that ofRead MoreIndian Army5764 Words   |  24 Pagesagencies to cope with ‘proxy war’ and other internal threats and provide aid to civil authority when requisitioned for the purpose. The Indian soldier is famous for his high moral and high standard of discipline and for his matchless velour and great military genius. He is accustomed to a life of hardship and discipline. He guards our frontier. He defends our country. he saves us from the external aggression. In peace time, he does many a social service. In war-time, he dedicates his life for his countryRead MoreThe United States Army National Guard5059 Words   |  21 PagesStates Army National Guard is currently faced with the significant task of helping its troops stay alive not only on the battlefield but also at home. Since 2011, the Army National Guard has buried 614 troops who died by their own hand. These men and women have come from every state and territory across the Unites States with the exception of the District of Columbia and the Virgin Islands. States such as Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Minnesota have suffered the most loss with each state losingRead MoreBusiness Environment of Pre -British India13645 Words   |  55 PagesBHATIA-7 REUBEN DANTES-9 CRYSTAL D’SOUZA-11 ALISHA PEREIRA-38 TANUSHREE SHARMA-47 GAURAV TALERA-52 Executive Summary It is the past which shapes what we become in the present. Most of what we do and follow today has been decided in the past which is why we have to understand who we were to become who we have to be. India is one of the few civilizations which has been in existence for more than 5000 years. India is a homogenous culture and it has such strong roots that we have been able to absorb any

Critical Thinking and Problem Solving for Recreation-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCritical Thinking and Problem Solving for Recreation. Answer: Zoos have been considered as a fundamentally accepted part belonging to the social fabric of the cities for several centuries. The concept as well as nature of zoos have transformed with the varying sentiments and economic conditions of nations. Although zoos offer a place for both animals and humans to interact, it further gives rise to several factors of vulnerability, captivity and immorality towards the animals[1]. With the increasing rates of threats towards wild population, contemporary zoos in recent times concentrate of human recreation and entertainment with the cost of animal captivity. The thesis statement of this essay is explore the immorality of zoos that has resulted in animal captivity and effect on the value of the lives of these animals. Zoos as well as wildlife sanctuaries have gained immense popularity because of their contribution to the major tourism industry across the world. The primary purpose of the zoos is to provide entertainment, recreation and knowledge to the people. However, it must be noted that all these forms of entertainment are being offered with the cost of animal captivity. Various kinds of species are kept in complete confinement within a small enclosure in order to offer a close and feasible kind of contact to the local population. The past few months have witnessed a number of deaths of animals held in captivity, which has further raised concerns around the conservation[2]. Contemporary zoos even though have contribution to animal conservation; they are unable to provide any productive outcome to the animal species conservation. A recent incident that occurred at the Cincinnati Zoo in the USA has upturned immense concern and alarm within the domain of animal safeguard domain[3]. Harambe, a gor illa born in captivity was shot to death in order to save a young visitor who fell into his area of enclosure. Another incidence of loss of a Sumatran elephant had taken place in the disreputable park reserve located in Indonesia. All these unfortunate incidents have given rise to several debatable issues related to the lack of security and protection towards the animals as well as the people visiting these animal reserves. However, several zoos can recognized the concern regarding the insufficient space in order to engage in effective breeding programmes for larger mammals. The core immoral practice that is being performed by the contemporary zoos is keeping the animal species in an alienated and isolated environment, whereby causing severe restrictions to their liberty and independence. Animals living in natural habitat can develop their own social orders and further behave in the ways, which are expected from them. Restricting wild animals within a limited space like zoos sabotage their natural pattern as well as their lifecycles[4]. These species further experience a significant environmental as well as change in their habitat. Animals in several zoos fail to have the proper access to vegetation and are therefore exposed to pollution. Although, the zoological industry has claimed to spend a great amount of cost and expenditure in the process of stimulating a natural environment for the animals, it has been reported that grasslands of several zoos contain bacteria further causing harm to the species[5]. These incidents have raised much concern within the human activists who have been seeking to accentuate the necessity of natural environment or habitat for the animals, which would facilitate a normal development of animals. The fundamental concept of depriving animals from their own habitat in order to provide entertainment to humans must be regarded as unethical and immoral activity[6]. Contemporary animal reserves function more as amusement parks rather than animal reserves. Though they have shown gradual progress in the recent times, yet these zoos have their existence in order to enhance their economic development by extracting money for the wealthy societal appetite to offer such entertainment to humans. However, it must be taken into account that even though zoos provide aid to animal conservation, the level of generosity of these contributions fails to accomplish the requirements needed for these species in their exhibits[7]. On the contrary, a large portion of the revenue generated by the zoos is spent on the acquisition of several animals as well as for creating unique displays for the zoos. However, according to a number of critics, zoos have immense contribution to the scientific monitoring of the animal species which thereby has a positive influence on the lives of both humans and animals. Several zoos function as networks, which assist in collecting and further establishing collection of serum banks in order to improve the therapeutic recordkeeping system[8]. However, this has been proven as effective and advantageous in recognizing as well as monitoring the spread of several types of harmful, life risking, infectious diseases. The case of West Nile Virus can be considered as an instance that was initially identified at a particular zoological institution[9]. The classification of this detrimental disease has assisted in preserving animals in the United States where prior to this identification several wild crows were losing their lives because of this unidentified disease. However, this virus has been reportedly causing threats to both the lives of humans as well as animals. Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that although the human-animal association can be beneficial for both the species but it also causes detrimental effects on the lives of animals whose wellbeing and protection lie on the hands of the humans. The paper has shed light on the various aspects of the functioning process of contemporary zoos and their relative impact on the animal species. Thus, it can be brought to conclusion that zoos are not required for accomplishing the entertainment and recreational purposes of humans. Individuals can gain their knowledge regarding wild species by watching documentaries of wild animals, which are filmed in their natural environment and context. Society must take into consideration the implementation and purpose of zoos or other organizations in order to determine the way the current form of activities and existence can be altered. References Barreiros, Joo P., and Vidal Haddad Jr. "Zoo animals and humans killed because of human negligent behavior."Journal of Coastal Life Medicine4, no. 12 (2016): 1008-1008. Friese, Carrie.Cloning wild life: zoos, captivity, and the future of endangered animals. NYU Press, 2013. Hediger, Heini.Wild animals in captivity. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013. Hosey, Geoff, Vicky Melfi, and Sheila Pankhurst.Zoo animals: behaviour, management, and welfare. Oxford University Press, 2013. Keulartz, Jozef. "Captivity for conservation? Zoos at a crossroads."Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics28, no. 2 (2015): 335-351. Minteer, Ben A., and James P. Collins. "Ecological ethics in captivity: Balancing values and responsibilities in zoo and aquarium research under rapid global change."ILAR journal54, no. 1 (2013): 41-51. Roehrig, John T. "West Nile virus in the United Statesa historical perspective."Viruses5, no. 12 (2013): 3088-3108. Webber, Sarah, Marcus Carter, Wally Smith, and Frank Vetere. "Interactive technology and humananimal encounters at the zoo."International Journal of Human-Computer Studies98 (2017): 150-168. Ziegler, Ute, Joke Angenvoort, Dominik Fischer, Christine Fast, Martin Eiden, Ariel V. Rodriguez, Sandra Revilla-Fernndez et al. "Pathogenesis of West Nile virus lineage 1 and 2 in experimentally infected large falcons."Veterinary microbiology161, no. 3-4 (2013): 263-273.